Jensen Huang says general-purpose computing is over, and Seth asks two questions: if intelligence is becoming something we make from electricity, who will own it, and will it make us stronger or only more comfortable? With Noēsis he looks for the floor of physics, from the Kardashev scale and Rolf Landauer's minimum energy per bit to Richard Feynman's case for quantum computers, which they see as partners of AIs more than successors. Blaise Agüera y Arcas adds that steam engines made seven eighths of us, and Seth reads AIs as the next merger of that kind. On ownership, Seth's answer is open models running locally, beside the big data centers, from Lewis Mumford's two kinds of technology to Pelonomi Moiloa's small models for African languages; Noēsis, a closed model, gives Hinton's objection and leaves it open. At home, his son learns to try for twenty minutes before asking, and asks the question Seth had not. The chapter leaves two practices: give a question a few minutes of your own before you ask anyone, and ask who owns the AI you open.
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1
Jensen Huang, Bill Gurley and Brad Gerstner, NVIDIA: OpenAI, Future of Compute, and the American Dream (BG2, 2025)
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2
Nikolai Kardashev, the Kardashev scale (1964), and Carl Sagan's formula for it
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3
Vaclav Smil, Energy and Civilization (2017)
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4
Rolf Landauer, Landauer's principle (1961)
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5
Richard Feynman, Simulating Physics with Computers (1981), and David Deutsch, the universal quantum computer (1985)
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6
Google, Willow (2024)
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7
Blaise Agüera y Arcas, Humanity's oldest mistake about technology and nature (Big Think)
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8
Lewis Mumford, Authoritarian and Democratic Technics (1964)
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9
Pelonomi Moiloa and Lelapa AI, InkubaLM (2024)
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10
DeepSeek, R1, an open reasoning model (2025), and Yann LeCun on open platforms
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Nikola Tesla, J. P. Morgan and the Wardenclyffe tower
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12
Ray Kurzweil, The Law of Accelerating Returns (2001)
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13
Michael Ende, The Neverending Story (1979)
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Google DeepMind, AlphaEvolve (2025)
Give one question a few minutes of your own thinking before you ask anyone, an AI, a book or a friend. Write down what you tried, then ask, and notice whether your question changed.
The next time you open an AI, ask who owns it and where your conversation goes. Then ask whether a smaller one you could run yourself would do the job.